英雄编辑器
The hero editor
应用程序现在有了基本的标题。 接下来你要创建一个新的组件来显示英雄信息并且把这个组件放到应用程序的外壳里去。
The application now has a basic title. Next you will create a new component to display hero information and place that component in the application shell.
创建英雄列表组件
Create the heroes component
使用 Angular CLI 创建一个名为 heroes
的新组件。
Using the Angular CLI, generate a new component named heroes
.
ng generate component heroes
CLI 创建了一个新的文件夹 src/app/heroes/
,并生成了 HeroesComponent
的四个文件。
The CLI creates a new folder, src/app/heroes/
, and generates the three files of the HeroesComponent
along with a test file.
HeroesComponent
的类文件如下:
The HeroesComponent
class file is as follows:
import { Component, OnInit } from '@angular/core';
@Component({
selector: 'app-heroes',
templateUrl: './heroes.component.html',
styleUrls: ['./heroes.component.css']
})
export class HeroesComponent implements OnInit {
constructor() { }
ngOnInit() {
}
}
你要从 Angular 核心库中导入 Component
符号,并为组件类加上 @Component
装饰器。
You always import the Component
symbol from the Angular core library and annotate the component class with @Component
.
@Component
是个装饰器函数,用于为该组件指定 Angular 所需的元数据。
@Component
is a decorator function that specifies the Angular metadata for the component.
CLI 自动生成了三个元数据属性:
The CLI generated three metadata properties:
selector
— 组件的选择器(CSS 元素选择器)selector
— the component's CSS element selectortemplateUrl
— 组件模板文件的位置。templateUrl
— the location of the component's template file.styleUrls
— 组件私有 CSS 样式表文件的位置。styleUrls
— the location of the component's private CSS styles.
CSS 元素选择器 app-heroes
用来在父组件的模板中匹配 HTML 元素的名称,以识别出该组件。
The CSS element selector, 'app-heroes'
, matches the name of the HTML element that identifies this component within a parent component's template.
ngOnInit()
是一个生命周期钩子,Angular 在创建完组件后很快就会调用 ngOnInit()
。这里是放置初始化逻辑的好地方。
The ngOnInit()
is a lifecycle hook. Angular calls ngOnInit()
shortly after creating a component. It's a good place to put initialization logic.
始终要 export
这个组件类,以便在其它地方(比如 AppModule
)导入它。
Always export
the component class so you can import
it elsewhere ... like in the AppModule
.
添加 hero
属性
Add a hero
property
往 HeroesComponent
中添加一个 hero
属性,用来表示一个名叫 “Windstorm” 的英雄。
Add a hero
property to the HeroesComponent
for a hero named "Windstorm."
hero = 'Windstorm';
显示英雄
Show the hero
打开模板文件 heroes.component.html
。删除 Angular CLI 自动生成的默认内容,改为到 hero
属性的数据绑定。
Open the heroes.component.html
template file. Delete the default text generated by the Angular CLI and replace it with a data binding to the new hero
property.
{{hero}}
显示 HeroesComponent
视图
Show the HeroesComponent
view
要显示 HeroesComponent
你必须把它加到壳组件 AppComponent
的模板中。
To display the HeroesComponent
, you must add it to the template of the shell AppComponent
.
别忘了,app-heroes
就是 HeroesComponent
的 元素选择器。 所以,只要把 <app-heroes>
元素添加到 AppComponent
的模板文件中就可以了,就放在标题下方。
Remember that app-heroes
is the element selector for the HeroesComponent
. So add an <app-heroes>
element to the AppComponent
template file, just below the title.
<h1>{{title}}</h1>
<app-heroes></app-heroes>
如果 CLI 的 ng serve
命令仍在运行,浏览器就会自动刷新,并且同时显示出应用的标题和英雄的名字。
Assuming that the CLI ng serve
command is still running, the browser should refresh and display both the application title and the hero name.
创建 Hero
类
Create a Hero interface
真实的英雄当然不止一个名字。
A real hero is more than a name.
在 src/app
文件夹中为 Hero
类创建一个文件,并添加 id
和 name
属性。
Create a Hero
interface in its own file in the src/app
folder. Give it id
and name
properties.
export interface Hero {
id: number;
name: string;
}
回到 HeroesComponent
类,并且导入这个 Hero
类。
Return to the HeroesComponent
class and import the Hero
interface.
把组件的 hero
属性的类型重构为 Hero
。 然后以 1
为 id
、以 “Windstorm” 为名字初始化它。
Refactor the component's hero
property to be of type Hero
. Initialize it with an id
of 1
and the name Windstorm
.
修改后的 HeroesComponent
类应该是这样的:
The revised HeroesComponent
class file should look like this:
import { Component, OnInit } from '@angular/core';
import { Hero } from '../hero';
@Component({
selector: 'app-heroes',
templateUrl: './heroes.component.html',
styleUrls: ['./heroes.component.css']
})
export class HeroesComponent implements OnInit {
hero: Hero = {
id: 1,
name: 'Windstorm'
};
constructor() { }
ngOnInit() {
}
}
页面显示变得不正常了,因为你刚刚把 hero
从字符串改成了对象。
The page no longer displays properly because you changed the hero from a string to an object.
显示 hero
对象
Show the hero object
修改模板中的绑定,以显示英雄的名字,并在详情中显示 id
和 name
,就像这样:
Update the binding in the template to announce the hero's name and show both id
and name
in a details layout like this:
<h2>{{hero.name}} Details</h2>
<div><span>id: </span>{{hero.id}}</div>
<div><span>name: </span>{{hero.name}}</div>
浏览器自动刷新,并显示这位英雄的信息。
The browser refreshes and displays the hero's information.
使用 UppercasePipe
进行格式化
Format with the UppercasePipe
把 hero.name
的绑定修改成这样:
Modify the hero.name
binding like this.
<h2>{{hero.name | uppercase}} Details</h2>
浏览器刷新了。现在,英雄的名字显示成了大写字母。
The browser refreshes and now the hero's name is displayed in capital letters.
绑定表达式中的 uppercase
位于管道操作符( | )的右边,用来调用内置管道 UppercasePipe
。
The word uppercase
in the interpolation binding, right after the pipe operator ( | ), activates the built-in UppercasePipe
.
管道 是格式化字符串、金额、日期和其它显示数据的好办法。 Angular 发布了一些内置管道,而且你还可以创建自己的管道。
Pipes are a good way to format strings, currency amounts, dates and other display data. Angular ships with several built-in pipes and you can create your own.
编辑英雄名字
Edit the hero
用户应该能在一个 <input>
输入框中编辑英雄的名字。
Users should be able to edit the hero name in an <input>
textbox.
当用户输入时,这个输入框应该能同时显示和修改英雄的 name
属性。 也就是说,数据流从组件类流出到屏幕,并且从屏幕流回到组件类。
The textbox should both display the hero's name
property and update that property as the user types. That means data flows from the component class out to the screen and from the screen back to the class.
要想让这种数据流动自动化,就要在表单元素 <input>
和组件的 hero.name
属性之间建立双向数据绑定。
To automate that data flow, setup a two-way data binding between the <input>
form element and the hero.name
property.
双向绑定
Two-way binding
把模板中的英雄详情区重构成这样:
Refactor the details area in the HeroesComponent
template so it looks like this:
<div>
<label>name:
<input [(ngModel)]="hero.name" placeholder="name"/>
</label>
</div>
[(ngModel)] 是 Angular 的双向数据绑定语法。
[(ngModel)] is Angular's two-way data binding syntax.
这里把 hero.name
属性绑定到了 HTML 的 textbox 元素上,以便数据流可以双向流动:从 hero.name
属性流动到 textbox,并且从 textbox 流回到 hero.name
。
Here it binds the hero.name
property to the HTML textbox so that data can flow in both directions: from the hero.name
property to the textbox, and from the textbox back to the hero.name
.
缺少 FormsModule
The missing FormsModule
注意,当你加上 [(ngModel)]
之后这个应用无法工作了。
Notice that the app stopped working when you added [(ngModel)]
.
打开浏览器的开发工具,就会在控制台中看到如下信息:
To see the error, open the browser development tools and look in the console for a message like
Template parse errors:
Can't bind to 'ngModel' since it isn't a known property of 'input'.
虽然 ngModel
是一个有效的 Angular 指令,不过它在默认情况下是不可用的。
Although ngModel
is a valid Angular directive, it isn't available by default.
它属于一个可选模块 FormsModule
,你必须自行添加此模块才能使用该指令。
It belongs to the optional FormsModule
and you must opt-in to using it.
AppModule
Angular 需要知道如何把应用程序的各个部分组合到一起,以及该应用需要哪些其它文件和库。 这些信息被称为元数据(metadata)。
Angular needs to know how the pieces of your application fit together and what other files and libraries the app requires. This information is called metadata.
有些元数据位于 @Component
装饰器中,你会把它加到组件类上。 另一些关键性的元数据位于 @NgModule
装饰器中。
Some of the metadata is in the @Component
decorators that you added to your component classes. Other critical metadata is in @NgModule
decorators.
最重要的 @NgModule
装饰器位于顶层类 AppModule 上。
The most important @NgModule
decorator annotates the top-level AppModule class.
Angular CLI 在创建项目的时候就在 src/app/app.module.ts
中生成了一个 AppModule
类。 这里也就是你要添加 FormsModule
的地方。
The Angular CLI generated an AppModule
class in src/app/app.module.ts
when it created the project. This is where you opt-in to the FormsModule
.
导入 FormsModule
Import FormsModule
打开 AppModule
(app.module.ts
) 并从 @angular/forms
库中导入 FormsModule
符号。
Open AppModule
(app.module.ts
) and import the FormsModule
symbol from the @angular/forms
library.
import { FormsModule } from '@angular/forms'; // <-- NgModel lives here
然后把 FormsModule
添加到 @NgModule
元数据的 imports
数组中,这里是该应用所需外部模块的列表。
Then add FormsModule
to the @NgModule
metadata's imports
array, which contains a list of external modules that the app needs.
imports: [
BrowserModule,
FormsModule
],
刷新浏览器,应用又能正常工作了。你可以编辑英雄的名字,并且会看到这个改动立刻体现在这个输入框上方的 <h2>
中。
When the browser refreshes, the app should work again. You can edit the hero's name and see the changes reflected immediately in the <h2>
above the textbox.
声明 HeroesComponent
Declare HeroesComponent
每个组件都必须声明在(且只能声明在)一个 NgModule 中。
Every component must be declared in exactly one NgModule.
你没有声明过 HeroesComponent
,可为什么本应用却正常呢?
You didn't declare the HeroesComponent
. So why did the application work?
这是因为 Angular CLI 在生成 HeroesComponent
组件的时候就自动把它加到了 AppModule
中。
It worked because the Angular CLI declared HeroesComponent
in the AppModule
when it generated that component.
打开 src/app/app.module.ts
你就会发现 HeroesComponent
已经在顶部导入过了。
Open src/app/app.module.ts
and find HeroesComponent
imported near the top.
import { HeroesComponent } from './heroes/heroes.component';
HeroesComponent
也已经声明在了 @NgModule.declarations
数组中。
The HeroesComponent
is declared in the @NgModule.declarations
array.
declarations: [
AppComponent,
HeroesComponent
],
注意 AppModule
声明了应用中的所有组件,AppComponent
和 HeroesComponent
。
Note that AppModule
declares both application components, AppComponent
and HeroesComponent
.
Final code review
应用跑起来应该是这样的:
Your app should look like this
import { Component, OnInit } from '@angular/core';
import { Hero } from '../hero';
@Component({
selector: 'app-heroes',
templateUrl: './heroes.component.html',
styleUrls: ['./heroes.component.css']
})
export class HeroesComponent implements OnInit {
hero: Hero = {
id: 1,
name: 'Windstorm'
};
constructor() { }
ngOnInit() {
}
}
小结
Summary
你使用 CLI 创建了第二个组件
HeroesComponent
。You used the CLI to create a second
HeroesComponent
.你把
HeroesComponent
添加到了壳组件AppComponent
中,以便显示它。You displayed the
HeroesComponent
by adding it to theAppComponent
shell.你使用
UppercasePipe
来格式化英雄的名字。You applied the
UppercasePipe
to format the name.你用
ngModel
指令实现了双向数据绑定。You used two-way data binding with the
ngModel
directive.你知道了
AppModule
。You learned about the
AppModule
.你把
FormsModule
导入了AppModule
,以便 Angular 能识别并应用ngModel
指令。You imported the
FormsModule
in theAppModule
so that Angular would recognize and apply thengModel
directive.你知道了把组件声明到
AppModule
是很重要的,并认识到 CLI 会自动帮你声明它。You learned the importance of declaring components in the
AppModule
and appreciated that the CLI declared it for you.