Building a template-driven formlink

This tutorial shows you how to create a template-driven form whose control elements are bound to data properties, with input validation to maintain data integrity and styling to improve the user experience.

Template-driven forms use two-way data binding to update the data model in the component as changes are made in the template and vice versa.

You can build almost any kind of form with an Angular template—login forms, contact forms, and pretty much any business form. You can lay out the controls creatively and bind them to the data in your object model. You can specify validation rules and display validation errors, conditionally enable or disable specific controls, trigger built-in visual feedback, and much more.

This tutorial shows you how to build a form from scratch, using a simplified sample form like the one from the Tour of Heroes tutorial to illustrate the techniques.

Objectiveslink

This tutorial teaches you how to do the following:

• Build an Angular form with a component and template.
• Use ngModel to create two-way data bindings for reading and writing input-control values.
• Provide visual feedback using special CSS classes that track the state of the controls.
• Display validation errors to users and enable or disable form controls based on the form status.
• Share information across HTML elements using template reference variables.

Prerequisiteslink

Before going further into template-driven forms, you should have a basic understanding of the following.

• TypeScript and HTML5 programming.
• Angular app-design fundamentals, as described in Angular Concepts.
• The basics of Angular template syntax.
• The form-design concepts that are presented in Introduction to Forms.

Build a template-driven formlink

Template-driven forms rely on directives defined in the FormsModule.

• The NgModel directive reconciles value changes in the attached form element with changes in the data model, allowing you to respond to user input with input validation and error handling.

• The NgForm directive creates a top-level FormGroup instance and binds it to a <form> element to track aggregated form value and validation status. As soon as you import FormsModule, this directive becomes active by default on all <form> tags. You don't need to add a special selector.

• The NgModelGroup directive creates and binds a FormGroup instance to a DOM element.

The sample applicationlink

The sample form in this guide is used by the Hero Employment Agency to maintain personal information about heroes. Every hero needs a job. This form helps the agency match the right hero with the right crisis.

The form highlights some design features that make it easier to use. For instance, the two required fields have a green bar on the left to make them easy to spot. These fields have initial values, so the form is valid and the Submit button is enabled.

As you work with this form, you will learn how to include validation logic, how to customize the presentation with standard CSS, and how to handle error conditions to ensure valid input. If the user deletes the hero name, for example, the form becomes invalid. The app detects the changed status, and displays a validation error in an attention-grabbing style. In addition, the Submit button is disabled, and the "required" bar to the left of the input control changes from green to red.

Step overviewlink

In the course of this tutorial, you bind a sample form to data and handle user input using the following steps.

1. Build the basic form.

   • Define a sample data model.
   • Include required infrastructure such as the FormsModule.

2. Bind form controls to data properties using the ngModel directive and two-way data-binding syntax.

   • Examine how ngModel reports control states using CSS classes.
   • Name controls to make them accessible to ngModel.

3. Track input validity and control status using ngModel.

   • Add custom CSS to provide visual feedback on the status.
   • Show and hide validation-error messages.
4. Respond to a native HTML button-click event by adding to the model data.

5. Handle form submission using the [ngSubmit(api/forms/NgForm#properties)] output property of the form.

   • Disable the Submit button until the form is valid.
   • After submit, swap out the finished form for different content on the page.

Build the formlink

You can recreate the sample application from the code provided here, or you can examine or download the现场演练 / 下载范例.

1. The provided sample application creates the Hero class which defines the data model reflected in the form.

   export class Hero { constructor( public id: number, public name: string, public power: string, public alterEgo?: string ) { } }
   src/app/hero.ts

         
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         export class Hero {
   
     constructor(
       public id: number,
       public name: string,
       public power: string,
       public alterEgo?: string
     ) {  }
   
   }
       

2. The form layout and details are defined in the HeroFormComponent class.

   import { Component } from '@angular/core'; import { Hero } from '../hero'; @Component({ selector: 'app-hero-form', templateUrl: './hero-form.component.html', styleUrls: ['./hero-form.component.css'] }) export class HeroFormComponent { powers = ['Really Smart', 'Super Flexible', 'Super Hot', 'Weather Changer']; model = new Hero(18, 'Dr IQ', this.powers[0], 'Chuck Overstreet'); submitted = false; onSubmit() { this.submitted = true; } // TODO: Remove this when we're done get diagnostic() { return JSON.stringify(this.model); } }
   src/app/hero-form/hero-form.component.ts (v1)

         
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         import { Component } from '@angular/core';
   
   import { Hero } from '../hero';
   
   @Component({
     selector: 'app-hero-form',
     templateUrl: './hero-form.component.html',
     styleUrls: ['./hero-form.component.css']
   })
   export class HeroFormComponent {
   
     powers = ['Really Smart', 'Super Flexible',
               'Super Hot', 'Weather Changer'];
   
     model = new Hero(18, 'Dr IQ', this.powers[0], 'Chuck Overstreet');
   
     submitted = false;
   
     onSubmit() { this.submitted = true; }
   
     // TODO: Remove this when we're done
     get diagnostic() { return JSON.stringify(this.model); }
   }
       

   The component's selector value of "app-hero-form" means you can drop this form in a parent template using the <app-hero-form> tag.

3. The following code creates a new hero instance, so that the initial form can show an example hero.

   let myHero = new Hero(42, 'SkyDog', 'Fetch any object at any distance', 'Leslie Rollover'); console.log('My hero is called ' + myHero.name); // "My hero is called SkyDog"

         
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         let myHero =  new Hero(42, 'SkyDog',
                          'Fetch any object at any distance',
                          'Leslie Rollover');
   console.log('My hero is called ' + myHero.name); // "My hero is called SkyDog"
       

   This demo uses dummy data for model and powers. In a real app, you would inject a data service to get and save real data, or expose these properties as inputs and outputs.

4. The application enables the Forms feature and registers the created form component.

   import { NgModule } from '@angular/core'; import { BrowserModule } from '@angular/platform-browser'; import { FormsModule } from '@angular/forms'; import { AppComponent } from './app.component'; import { HeroFormComponent } from './hero-form/hero-form.component'; @NgModule({ imports: [ BrowserModule, FormsModule ], declarations: [ AppComponent, HeroFormComponent ], providers: [], bootstrap: [ AppComponent ] }) export class AppModule { }
   src/app/app.module.ts

         
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         import { NgModule }      from '@angular/core';
   import { BrowserModule } from '@angular/platform-browser';
   import { FormsModule }   from '@angular/forms';
   
   import { AppComponent }      from './app.component';
   import { HeroFormComponent } from './hero-form/hero-form.component';
   
   @NgModule({
     imports: [
       BrowserModule,
       FormsModule
     ],
     declarations: [
       AppComponent,
       HeroFormComponent
     ],
     providers: [],
     bootstrap: [ AppComponent ]
   })
   export class AppModule { }
       

5. The form is displayed in the application layout defined by the root component's template.

   <app-hero-form></app-hero-form>
   src/app/app.component.html

         
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         <app-hero-form></app-hero-form>
       

   The initial template defines the layout for a form with two form groups and a submit button. The form groups correspond to two properties of the Hero data model, name and alterEgo. Each group has a label and a box for user input.

   • The Name <input> control element has the HTML5 required attribute.
   • The Alter Ego <input> control element does not because alterEgo is optional.

   The Submit button has some classes on it for styling. At this point, the form layout is all plain HTML5, with no bindings or directives.

6. The sample form uses some style classes from Twitter Bootstrap: container, form-group, form-control, and btn. To use these styles, the app's style sheet imports the library.

   @import url('https://unpkg.com/[email protected]/dist/css/bootstrap.min.css');
   src/styles.css

         
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         @import url('https://unpkg.com/[email protected]/dist/css/bootstrap.min.css');
       

7. The form makes the hero applicant choose one superpower from a fixed list of agency-approved powers. The predefined list of powers is part of the data model, maintained internally in HeroFormComponent. The Angular NgForOf directive iterates over the data values to populate the <select> element.

   <div class="form-group"> <label for="power">Hero Power</label> <select class="form-control" id="power" required> <option *ngFor="let pow of powers" [value]="pow">{{pow}}</option> </select> </div>
   src/app/hero-form/hero-form.component.html (powers)

         
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         <div class="form-group">
     <label for="power">Hero Power</label>
     <select class="form-control" id="power" required>
       <option *ngFor="let pow of powers" [value]="pow">{{pow}}</option>
     </select>
   </div>
       

If you run the app right now, you see the list of powers in the selection control. The input elements are not yet bound to data values or events, so they are still blank and have no behavior.

Bind input controls to data propertieslink

The next step is to bind the input controls to the corresponding Hero properties with two-way data binding, so that they respond to user input by updating the data model, and also respond to programmatic changes in the data by updating the display.

The ngModel directive declared in the FormsModule lets you bind controls in your template-driven form to properties in your data model. When you include the directive using the syntax for two-way data binding, [(ngModel)], Angular can track the value and user interaction of the control and keep the view synced with the model.

1. Edit the template file hero-form.component.html.

2. Find the <input> tag next to the Name label.

3. Add the ngModel directive, using two-way data binding syntax [(ngModel)]="...".

      
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      <input type="text" class="form-control" id="name"
       required
       [(ngModel)]="model.name" name="name">
TODO: remove this: {{model.name}}
    

Access the overall form statuslink

When you imported the FormsModule in your component, Angular automatically created and attached an NgForm directive to the <form> tag in the template (because NgForm has the selector form that matches <form> elements).

To get access to the NgForm and the overall form status, declare a template reference variable.

1. Edit the template file hero-form.component.html.

2. Update the <form> tag with a template reference variable, #heroForm, and set its value as follows.

   <form #heroForm="ngForm">
   src/app/hero-form/hero-form.component.html (excerpt)

         
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         <form #heroForm="ngForm">
       

   The heroForm template variable is now a reference to the NgForm directive instance that governs the form as a whole.

3. Run the app.

4. Start typing in the Name input box.

   As you add and delete characters, you can see them appear and disappear from the data model. For example:

   

   The diagnostic line that shows interpolated values demonstrates that values are really flowing from the input box to the model and back again.

Naming control elementslink

When you use [(ngModel)] on an element, you must define a name attribute for that element. Angular uses the assigned name to register the element with the NgForm directive attached to the parent <form> element.

The example added a name attribute to the <input> element and set it to "name", which makes sense for the hero's name. Any unique value will do, but using a descriptive name is helpful.

1. Add similar [(ngModel)] bindings and name attributes to Alter Ego and Hero Power.

2. You can now remove the diagnostic messages that show interpolated values.

3. To confirm that two-way data binding works for the entire hero model, add a new binding at the top to the component's diagnostic property.

After these revisions, the form template should look like the following:

      
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      {{diagnostic}}
<div class="form-group">
  <label for="name">Name</label>
  <input type="text" class="form-control" id="name"
         required
         [(ngModel)]="model.name" name="name">
</div>

<div class="form-group">
  <label for="alterEgo">Alter Ego</label>
  <input type="text"  class="form-control" id="alterEgo"
         [(ngModel)]="model.alterEgo" name="alterEgo">
</div>

<div class="form-group">
  <label for="power">Hero Power</label>
  <select class="form-control"  id="power"
          required
          [(ngModel)]="model.power" name="power">
    <option *ngFor="let pow of powers" [value]="pow">{{pow}}</option>
  </select>
</div>
    

• Notice that each <input> element has an id property. This is used by the <label> element's for attribute to match the label to its input control. This is a standard HTML feature.

• Each <input> element also has the required name property that Angular uses to register the control with the form.

If you run the app now and change every hero model property, the form might display like this:

The diagnostic near the top of the form confirms that all of your changes are reflected in the model.

4. When you have observed the effects, you can delete the {{diagnostic}} binding.

Track control stateslink

The NgModel directive on a control tracks the state of that control. It tells you if the user touched the control, if the value changed, or if the value became invalid. Angular sets special CSS classes on the control element to reflect the state, as shown in the following table.

You use these CSS classes to define the styles for your control based on its status.

Observe control stateslink

To see how the classes are added and removed by the framework, open the browser's developer tools and inspect the <input> element that represents the hero name.

1. Using your browser's developer tools, find the <input> element that corresponds to the Name input box. You can see that the element has multiple CSS classes in addition to "form-control".

2. When you first bring it up, the classes indicate that it has a valid value, that the value has not been changed since initialization or reset, and that the control has not been visited since initialization or reset.

   <input ... class="form-control ng-untouched ng-pristine ng-valid" ...>

         
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         <input ... class="form-control ng-untouched ng-pristine ng-valid" ...>
       

3. Take the following actions on the Name <input> box, and observe which classes appear.

   • Look but don't touch. The classes indicate that it is untouched, pristine, and valid.
   • Click inside the name box, then click outside it. The control has now been visited, and the element has the ng-touched class instead of the ng-untouched class.
   • Add slashes to the end of the name. It is now touched and dirty.
   • Erase the name. This makes the value invalid, so the ng-invalid class replaces the ng-valid class.

Create visual feedback for stateslink

The ng-valid/ng-invalid pair is particularly interesting, because you want to send a strong visual signal when the values are invalid. You also want to mark required fields.

You can mark required fields and invalid data at the same time with a colored bar on the left of the input box:

To change the appearance in this way, take the following steps.

1. Add definitions for the ng-* CSS classes.

2. Add these class definitions to a new forms.css file.

3. Add the new file to the project as a sibling to index.html:

   .ng-valid[required], .ng-valid.required { border-left: 5px solid #42A948; /* green */ } .ng-invalid:not(form) { border-left: 5px solid #a94442; /* red */ }
   src/assets/forms.css

         
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         .ng-valid[required], .ng-valid.required  {
     border-left: 5px solid #42A948; /* green */
   }
   
   .ng-invalid:not(form)  {
     border-left: 5px solid #a94442; /* red */
   }
       

4. In the index.html file, update the <head> tag to include the new style sheet.

   <link rel="stylesheet" href="assets/forms.css">
   src/index.html (styles)

         
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         <link rel="stylesheet" href="assets/forms.css">
       

Show and hide validation error messageslink

The Name input box is required and clearing it turns the bar red. That indicates that something is wrong, but the user doesn't know what is wrong or what to do about it. You can provide a helpful message by checking for and responding to the control's state.

When the user deletes the name, the form should look like this:

The Hero Power select box is also required, but it doesn't need this kind of error handling because the selection box already constrains the selection to valid values.

To define and show an error message when appropriate, take the following steps.

1. Extend the <input> tag with a template reference variable that you can use to access the input box's Angular control from within the template. In the example, the variable is #name="ngModel".

   The template reference variable (#name) is set to "ngModel" because that is the value of the NgModel.exportAsproperty. This property tells Angular how to link a reference variable to a directive.

2. Add a <div> that contains a suitable error message.

3. Show or hide the error message by binding properties of the name control to the message <div> element's hidden property.

   <div [hidden]="name.valid || name.pristine" class="alert alert-danger">
   src/app/hero-form/hero-form.component.html (hidden-error-msg)

         
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         <div [hidden]="name.valid || name.pristine"
        class="alert alert-danger">
       

4. Add a conditional error message to the name input box, as in the following example.

   <label for="name">Name</label> <input type="text" class="form-control" id="name" required [(ngModel)]="model.name" name="name" #name="ngModel"> <div [hidden]="name.valid || name.pristine" class="alert alert-danger"> Name is required </div>
   src/app/hero-form/hero-form.component.html (excerpt)

         
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         <label for="name">Name</label>
   <input type="text" class="form-control" id="name"
          required
          [(ngModel)]="model.name" name="name"
          #name="ngModel">
   <div [hidden]="name.valid || name.pristine"
        class="alert alert-danger">
     Name is required
   </div>
       

Add a new herolink

This exercise shows how you can respond to a native HTML button-click event by adding to the model data. To let form users add a new hero, you will add a New Hero button that responds to a click event.

1. In the template, place a "New Hero" <button> element at the bottom of the form.

2. In the component file, add the hero-creation method to the hero data model.

   newHero() { this.model = new Hero(42, '', ''); }
   src/app/hero-form/hero-form.component.ts (New Hero method)

         
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         newHero() {
     this.model = new Hero(42, '', '');
   }
       

3. Bind the button's click event to a hero-creation method, newHero().

   <button type="button" class="btn btn-default" (click)="newHero()">New Hero</button>
   src/app/hero-form/hero-form.component.html (New Hero button)

         
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         <button type="button" class="btn btn-default" (click)="newHero()">New Hero</button>
       

4. Run the application again and click the New Hero button.

   The form clears, and the required bars to the left of the input box are red, indicating invalid name and power properties. Notice that the error messages are hidden. This is because the form is pristine; you haven't changed anything yet.

5. Enter a name and click New Hero again.

   Now the app displays a Name is required error message, because the input box is no longer pristine. The form remembers that you entered a name before clicking New Hero.

6. To restore the pristine state of the form controls, clear all of the flags imperatively by calling the form's reset() method after calling the newHero() method.

   <button type="button" class="btn btn-default" (click)="newHero(); heroForm.reset()">New Hero</button>
   src/app/hero-form/hero-form.component.html (Reset the form)

         
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         <button type="button" class="btn btn-default" (click)="newHero(); heroForm.reset()">New Hero</button>
       

   Now clicking New Hero resets both the form and its control flags.

Submit the form with ngSubmitlink

The user should be able to submit this form after filling it in. The Submit button at the bottom of the form does nothing on its own, but it does trigger a form-submit event because of its type (type="submit"). To respond to this event, take the following steps.

1. Bind the form's ngSubmitevent property to the hero-form component's onSubmit() method.

   <form (ngSubmit)="onSubmit()" #heroForm="ngForm">
   src/app/hero-form/hero-form.component.html (ngSubmit)

         
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         <form (ngSubmit)="onSubmit()" #heroForm="ngForm">
       

2. Use the template reference variable, #heroForm to access the form that contains the Submit button and create an event binding. You will bind the form property that indicates its overall validity to the Submit button's disabled property.

   <button type="submit" class="btn btn-success" [disabled]="!heroForm.form.valid">Submit</button>
   src/app/hero-form/hero-form.component.html (submit-button)

         
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         <button type="submit" class="btn btn-success" [disabled]="!heroForm.form.valid">Submit</button>
       

3. Run the application now. Notice that the button is enabled—although it doesn't do anything useful yet.

4. Delete the Name value. This violates the "required" rule, so it displays the error message&emdash;and notice that it also disables the Submit button.

You didn't have to explicitly wire the button's enabled state to the form's validity. The FormsModule did this automatically when you defined a template reference variable on the enhanced form element, then referred to that variable in the button control.

Respond to form submissionlink

To show a response to form submission, you can hide the data entry area and display something else in its place.

1. Wrap the entire form in a <div> and bind its hidden property to the HeroFormComponent.submitted property.

   <div [hidden]="submitted"> <h1>Hero Form</h1> <form (ngSubmit)="onSubmit()" #heroForm="ngForm"> <!-- ... all of the form ... --> </form> </div>
   src/app/hero-form/hero-form.component.html (excerpt)

         
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         <div [hidden]="submitted">
     <h1>Hero Form</h1>
     <form (ngSubmit)="onSubmit()" #heroForm="ngForm">
   
        <!-- ... all of the form ... -->
   
     </form>
   </div>
       

   • The main form is visible from the start because the submitted property is false until you submit the form, as this fragment from the HeroFormComponent shows:

     submitted = false; onSubmit() { this.submitted = true; }
     src/app/hero-form/hero-form.component.ts (submitted)

           
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           submitted = false;
     
     onSubmit() { this.submitted = true; }
         

   • When you click the Submit button, the submitted flag becomes true and the form disappears.

2. To show something else while the form is in the submitted state, add the following HTML below the new <div> wrapper.

   <div [hidden]="!submitted"> <h2>You submitted the following:</h2> <div class="row"> <div class="col-xs-3">Name</div> <div class="col-xs-9">{{ model.name }}</div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-xs-3">Alter Ego</div> <div class="col-xs-9">{{ model.alterEgo }}</div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-xs-3">Power</div> <div class="col-xs-9">{{ model.power }}</div> </div> <br> <button class="btn btn-primary" (click)="submitted=false">Edit</button> </div>
   src/app/hero-form/hero-form.component.html (excerpt)

         
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         <div [hidden]="!submitted">
     <h2>You submitted the following:</h2>
     <div class="row">
       <div class="col-xs-3">Name</div>
       <div class="col-xs-9">{{ model.name }}</div>
     </div>
     <div class="row">
       <div class="col-xs-3">Alter Ego</div>
       <div class="col-xs-9">{{ model.alterEgo }}</div>
     </div>
     <div class="row">
       <div class="col-xs-3">Power</div>
       <div class="col-xs-9">{{ model.power }}</div>
     </div>
     <br>
     <button class="btn btn-primary" (click)="submitted=false">Edit</button>
   </div>
       

   This <div>, which shows a read-only hero with interpolation bindings, appears only while the component is in the submitted state.

   The alternative display includes an Edit button whose click event is bound to an expression that clears the submitted flag.

3. Click the Edit button to switch the display back to the editable form.

Summarylink

The Angular form discussed in this page takes advantage of the following framework features to provide support for data modification, validation, and more.

• An Angular HTML form template.
• A form component class with a @Component decorator.
• Handling form submission by binding to the NgForm.ngSubmit event property.
• Template-reference variables such as #heroForm and #name.
• [(ngModel)] syntax for two-way data binding.
• The use of name attributes for validation and form-element change tracking.
• The reference variable’s valid property on input controls to check if a control is valid and show or hide error messages.
• Controlling the Submit button's enabled state by binding to NgForm validity.
• Custom CSS classes that provide visual feedback to users about invalid controls.

Here’s the code for the final version of the application:

      
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      import { Component } from '@angular/core';

import { Hero } from '../hero';

@Component({
  selector: 'app-hero-form',
  templateUrl: './hero-form.component.html',
  styleUrls: ['./hero-form.component.css']
})
export class HeroFormComponent {

  powers = ['Really Smart', 'Super Flexible',
            'Super Hot', 'Weather Changer'];

  model = new Hero(18, 'Dr IQ', this.powers[0], 'Chuck Overstreet');

  submitted = false;

  onSubmit() { this.submitted = true; }

  newHero() {
    this.model = new Hero(42, '', '');
  }
}